Silver nanoparticles and Chlorella treatments induced glucosinolates and kaempferol key biosynthetic genes in Eruca sativa

Abstract Background Microalgae and nanoparticles are currently considered promising tools for numerous agricultural biotechnological applications. The green microalga Chlorella sp. MF1 its biosynthesized silver (AgNPs) were used in this study as biofortification agents to enhance glucosinolate kaempferol levels Eruca sativa . UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR TEM comprehensively characterizing -based AgNPs. Results AgNPs found be spherical shape, with size ranging from 1.45 5.08 nm. According measurements, ions reduced by functional groups such amide, hydroxyl carboxylate. Different experimental treatments conducted, including either soaking seeds of E. or foliar spray various concentrations suspension (1, 2, 3 4 g L ?1 ) (5, 10, 20 40 mg ). Expression five key genes the biosynthetic pathway glucosinolates ( MAM1 , SUR1, MYB34 MYB51 CHS assessed using qRT-PCR. results indicated an upregulation gene expression all compared control, recording highest level at suspension. In addition, high content was detected plants whose leaves sprayed (40 based on HPLC analysis. Sequence analysis amplified fragments treated showed sequence similarity A. thaliana gene. However, there several regions polymorphism (SNPs Indels) plants. Conclusions evidenced that application increased through their pathway.